Browse the glossary:
Searching for “absolute risk reduction”
36 matches found
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risk ratio
(RR, relative risk)
— The likelihood of an outcome in one treatment comparison group divided by the likelihood in another; … (read more)
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risk of bias
— The likelihood of there being a systematic error (bias) that distorts an effect estimate in treatment comparisons.; … (read more)
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difference
(absolute effect, risk difference)
— The difference in outcome between treatment comparison groups in a study; … (read more)
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low risk of bias
(internal validity)
— In studies of treatment effects, the extent to which the design and conduct of a study eliminates or reduces bias; … (read more)
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likelihood
(probability, risk)
— The probability that an event, association, or difference will occur in a study or in practice; … (read more)
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level of evidence
(hierarchy of evidence)
— An indication of where a type of study lies in a hierarchy of evidence, based on the risk of bias; … (read more)
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critical assessment
(critical appraisal, critical review)
— Judging the risk of bias, results and applicability of evidence; … (read more)
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unfairness
(health inequity, inequity)
— Avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people; … (read more)
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random
— By chance, not predictable; … (read more)
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modified intention-to-treat analysis
— An analysis of study results that excludes some participants; … (read more)
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number needed to treat
(NNT, NNTT)
— The number of people who would need to be treated over a specific period of time before one good outcome of the treatment will occur; … (read more)
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objective outcome
(objective measure)
— An outcome less open to interpretation by potentially biased observers; … (read more)
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placebo
— An inert substance, device or procedure used as a comparator in studies assessing the effects of a treatment; … (read more)
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reporting bias
(publication bias)
— Bias resulting from decisions by researchers, or others (e.g. drug companies or journal editors) not to report or publish the results of a study, or not to provide full information about a study; … (read more)
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research methods
(methods)
— The systematic and transparent steps and protocols researchers follow to address research questions; … (read more)
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controlled before-after study
(controlled before and after study, CBA study,)
— A type of non-randomized study in which outcomes are measured before and after a treatment, both in a group that receives the treatment and in another comparison group; … (read more)
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non-randomized study
(non-experimental study, observational study,)
— A category of studies that does not use random allocation to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
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randomized study
(randomized control trial, RCT, randomized trial, randomized controlled trial (should not be used))
— A category of studies comparing two or more treatments in which random allocation is used to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
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false negative test result
(beta, false negative, type 2 error)
— Mistakenly concluding that there is no difference in effect between treatments, or between a treatment and no treatment, when there actually is; … (read more)
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allocation
(assignment)
— The process of assigning participants in a study to treatment comparison groups.; … (read more)
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fair comparisons of treatments
— Studies designed, conducted, reported and interpreted to minimize bias and the play of chance in measuring treatment effects; … (read more)
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research evidence
(research findings, research results)
— The findings of studies, including systematic reviews; … (read more)
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estimate
— The most likely size of something; … (read more)
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contamination
— In treatment comparisons, the inadvertent application of a treatment allocated to one comparison group to people in another comparison group; … (read more)
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very low certainty of the evidence
(very low confidence in the effect estimate, very low quality of the evidence, very low strength of the evidence)
— The research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the actual effect will be substantially different is very high; … (read more)
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moderate certainty of the evidence
(moderate confidence in the effect estimate, moderate quality of the evidence, moderate strength of the evidence)
— The research provides a good indication of the likely effect of a treatment. The likelihood that the actual effect of the treatment will not be substantially different is moderate; … (read more)
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low certainty of the evidence
(low confidence in the effect estimate, low quality of the evidence, low strength of the evidence)
— The research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that the actual effect will be substantially different is high; … (read more)
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high certainty of the evidence
(high confidence in the effect estimate, high quality of the evidence, high strength of the evidence)
— The research provides a very good indication of the likely effect of a treatment. The likelihood that the actual effect will be substantially different from this is low; … (read more)
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certainty of the evidence
(confidence in the effect estimate, quality of the evidence, strength of the evidence)
— An assessment of how good an indication research effect evidence provides of the likely effect of a treatment; i.e. the likelihood that the actual effect will not be substantially different from what the research found; … (read more)
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triple blinding
(triple masking)
— Actions intended to prevent three (or more) groups of people involved in a study from knowing which participants received which treatment; … (read more)
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single blinding
(single masking)
— Actions intended to prevent one group of people involved in a study knowing which participants received which treatment; … (read more)
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double blinding
(double masking*)
— Actions intended to prevent two (or more) groups of people involved in a study knowing which participants received which treatment; … (read more)
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performance bias
— Bias resulting from differences in the care provided to the participants in a study, other than the treatments being compared.; … (read more)
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measurement bias
(ascertainment bias, detection bias, observer bias)
— Bias resulting from systematic differences in how outcomes are measured in treatment comparison groups in a study.; … (read more)
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bias
(systematic error)
— A type of error that may affect the results of a study because of weaknesses in its design, analysis or reporting.; … (read more)
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interim analysis
— Analyses done to check that it is reasonable for an ongoing study to continue; … (read more)